名家／無國界醫生支援的敘利亞醫療設施內的戰爭傷亡記錄

無國界醫生報告摘要

敘利亞2015：無國界醫生支援的敘利亞醫療設施內的戰爭傷亡記錄
 
報告目的：

這是首份記錄了無國界醫生在敘利亞支援的70家醫療設施所接收、與戰爭相關的傷亡個案報告，記錄包括了婦女和兒童的情況，以作為戰爭對平民造成的後果的參考，以及戰爭對無國界醫生支援的醫療人員及設施造成的毀滅性打擊。
 
簡介：

敘利亞衝突進入第六年，暴力所帶來的人道危機以及需要醫療照護的人數依舊驚人。數以百萬計的人們在國內流離失所，或逃往國外避難。另有數以百萬計的人則遭受圍困，或在邊境地區，因鄰國邊境封閉而無從而去。這些周邊國家因已經大量敘利亞人前來尋求保護而不堪重負，故正加強了對新抵達的人們的入境限制。
 
與此同時，國內暴力的程度沒有減少的跡象。死亡和受傷是每天的現實。2015年間，更多國家動用軍事力量並參戰。俄羅斯在9月應敘利亞政府邀請參戰，大量運用空軍，同時法國和英國加入以美國為首的聯軍，在9月和12月把他們在伊拉克的空中軍事行動，由伊拉克擴展至敘利亞。這種形勢前所未見，聯合國安全理事會5個常任理事國裡4個國家正積極捲入敘利亞衝突中的戰爭行動。
 
資料記錄時間：
資料錄於2015年1月1日至2015年12月31日間，報告於2016年2月8日撰寫。
 
主要發現：
 
•傷亡數字巨大，共有7,009人死亡，154,647名戰爭傷患接受治療。這其中不包括在診所死亡，或未能抵達醫療設施的人數，也不包括嚴重營養不良或未能獲得治療的病人。因此真實情況可能比報告描述的更嚴重許多。
 
•30-40%的暴力受害者是婦女和兒童：顯示平民地區持續被空中轟炸以及其他形式的攻擊擊中。
 
•94次空襲及炮彈襲擊，擊中了63家無國界醫生支援的設施，包括12家醫療設施被完全毀掉：這令本來已經竭盡全力、設施被嚴重破壞但仍掙紮運作的醫療系統，能力進一步被削弱。
 
•23名無國界醫生支援的醫療人員被殺，另有58人受傷：大量員工也已經逃亡，導致該國極大部分人口無法獲得醫療護理。
 
•以「雙連擊」的軍事策略去針對救援人員︰於2015年11月和12月，無國界醫生支援的診所，曾4次當醫療和救援人員抵達現場時遭針對攻擊。這第二波的攻擊通常在第一波攻擊發生後的20至60分鐘內發生。
 
無國界醫生要求︰
 
•參與敘利亞衝突的各個軍事力量尊重國際人道法
 
•停止對平民和基礎設施的攻擊，以免造成更多平民傷亡
 
•保護和尊重醫療救援工作，停止對醫療設施、工作人員和緊急救援隊的攻擊
 
•讓人道救援能前往遭圍困地區，病人轉送、醫療物資和人員的行動不受限制
 
•現時有份參與敘利亞衝突的4個聯合國安全理事會常任理事國需尊重他們通過的決議，以及確保他們的軍隊和盟友開始落實他們一致通過的2258號決議（2015年12月22日）
 
O聯合國安理會第2139(2014)、第2165(2014)號和第2191(2014)號決議未得到有效執行，為此回顧國際人道主義法和國際人權法以及安全理事會所有相關決定為各方規定了法律義務，包括停止所有對平民和民用物體的襲擊，其中包括對學校、醫療設施的襲擊，停止故意斷水、濫用包括大炮、桶裝炸彈在內的武器和進行空襲、用迫擊炮狂轟濫炸、使用汽車炸彈、發動自殺襲擊和使用鉆地炸彈，停止將平民挨餓作為作戰手段、包括包圍人口聚集地區、廣泛實施酷刑、虐待、任意處決、法外處決、強迫失蹤、性暴力和性別暴力，以及停止一切嚴重侵害和虐待兒童的行為。
 
請從本連結下載報告
 
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES (MSF) REPORT – SUMMARY 
 
Syria 2015: Documenting war‐wounded and war‐dead in MSF‐supported medical facilities in Syria
 
Report Objective:
This is the first report to document war‐related wounds and deaths recorded in 70 MSF‐supported medical facilities in Syria, including women and children as an indication of the civilian consequences of the war, and also to document the destructive impact of the war on MSF‐supported medical personnel and infrastructure.

Introduction:
As the conflict in Syria approaches its 6th year, the humanitarian and medical toll of the violence remains appalling. Millions of people have been internally displaced, or have sought refuge abroad. Millions more are trapped in communities that are under siege or hemmed in by the closed borders of neighboring countries. These countries, already overwhelmed by the numbers of Syrians seeking protection, have increasingly introduced restrictions on entry for new arrivals.

Meanwhile the level of violence inside the country shows no signs of abating. Death and injury is a daily reality. The year 2015 saw an increased number of countries engaging their military and entering the war. Russia intervened in September on the invitation of the Syrian government, with significant use of its air force, while France and the UK extended their air campaigns under the US-led coalition from Iraq to Syria in September and December. This situation is unprecedented, as four of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council are now actively engaged in hostilities in the Syrian conflict.
 
Timeframe:
 
Data from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2015. Report written 8 February 2016.
 
Main Findings:

Large numbers of dead and wounded, with death toll of 7,009 people and 154,647 war-wounded patients treated. This does not account for deaths outside the clinics or people unable to reach a facility, nor does it cover severe malnutrition or lack of treatment for diseases. The real situation is thus likely to be much worse than depicted in this report.

30-40% of victims of violence were women and children: Indicates that civilian areas were consistently hit by aerial bombardments and other forms of attack.

94 aerial and shelling attacks hit 63 MSF‐supported facilities, including 12 facilities completely destroyed: This further diminished the capacity of an already strained health system, struggling to function despite heavily damaged infrastructure.

23 MSF‐supported medical staff were killed, and 58 wounded: Many staff have also fled, leaving large sections of the population without health care.

“Double tap” military strategy targets aid workers: 4 instances were reported by MSF‐supported clinics in November and December, in which medical responders and rescue workers were targeted as they arrived on the scene. This second “tap” typically occurs 20-60 minutes after the initial attack.

MSF calls for:

Military forces participating in the conflict in Syria to respect International Humanitarian Law.

Attacks on civilian targets and infrastructure to cease, to avoid further civilian casualties.

Protection and respect of the medical mission, and attacks on medical facilities, staff, and emergency response teams to cease.

Full humanitarian access to all besieged areas and unhindered movement for medical evacuations, supplies, and staff.

The four permanent members of the UN Security Council currently participating in the conflict to respect their own resolutions and assure that their own military and allies start to implement Resolution 2258 for which they unanimously voted (22 December 2015):

The lack of effective implementation of its resolutions 2139 (2014), 2165 (2014), and 2191 (2014) and recalling in this regard the legal obligations of all parties under international humanitarian law and international human rights law, as well as all the relevant decisions of the Security Council, including by ceasing all attacks against civilians and civilian objects, including those involving attacks on schools, medical facilities and the deliberate interruptions of water supply, the indiscriminate use of weapons, including artillery, barrel bombs and air strikes, indiscriminate shelling by mortars, car bombs, suicide attacks and tunnel bombs, as well as the use of starvation of civilians as a method of combat, including by the besiegement of populated areas, and the widespread use of torture, ill‐treatment, arbitrary executions, extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, sexual and gender‐based violence, as well as all grave violations and abuses committed against children.

Please download the report via this link